Lindsay Modglin is a nurse and professional writer who regularly writes about complex medical topics, as well as travel and the great outdoors. She holds a professional certificate in scientific ...

A dangerously low oxygen level—usually below 92%—can cause shortness of breath, confusion, chest pain, or fainting. It’s often triggered by lung or heart conditions like COPD, asthma, or heart ...

Cell culture is not always conducted in a manner that preserves physiological relevance and optimizes cellular health. In particular, oxygen availability during in vitro culture is often excessive, as ...

It only takes holding your breath for slightly too long to understand that too little oxygen is bad for you. But can you also have too much? Indeed, breathing air with a higher oxygen level than your ...

Body mass and cell size are major factors in a fish’s ability to withstand temperature-dependent, low-oxygen environments. Fish worldwide are being plagued by larger and more frequent episodes of ...

As a lifelong health and fitness enthusiast with 15 years of experience, Rachel MacPherson is passionate about cutting through fads and noise. Her aim is to clearly communicate health information with ...

Fig.1: Tempo and mode in the body size evolution of Cambrian-Ordovician trilobites. Changes in maximum size (red) and mean size (blue) for each time slice, with lines and shading representing the mean ...