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² The rulers of this dynasty refused (with one exception as noted) the style Shahanshah. The founding ruler adopted the style Wakil ar-Ra`aya (roughly, "Protector of the People"); it …

Nigeria: Defense Minister Mohammed Badaru Abubakar resigns. On December 2 President Bola Tinubu nominates Gen. Christopher Musa as defense minister; he is confirmed by the Senate …

Japan: In gubernatorial elections in Wakayama, acting incumbent Izumi Miyazaki wins 84.1% of the vote and Michiko Matsuzaka 15.9%. Turnout is 39.9%. Miyazaki takes office June 4.

Switzerland: Karin Keller-Sutter takes office as president. Dieter Egli becomes Landammann of Aargau, Jean-François Steiert president of the Council of State of Fribourg, Marcus Caduff …

Kosovo: The Constitutional Court rules that parliament must elect a speaker (a step necessary to form a government following the February elections) within 30 days according to certain rules, …

Guernsey: Parliament elects Lindsay de Sausmarez as president of the Policy and Resources Committee (chief minister). She receives 22 votes, against 11 for Mark Helyar and 7 for …

Note: Before 1881 there were essentially four rulers' capitals: Kabul, Herat, Kandahar, and Peshawar (the last now in Pakistan). All the rulers belong to the Abdali tribal group, whose …

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